<link href="epub.css" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css"/> <meta content="urn:uuid:e0000000-0000-0000-0000-000002080853" name="Adept.expected.resource"/></head><body><div class="glossary" id="s9781483397245.i3437" title=""><a id="pageG-1"/><dl class="glossary"><dt><b>1.5 generation:</b></dt><dd>Individuals who immigrated to the United States as a child or an adolescent</dd></dl><dl class="glossary"><dt><b>Absolute poverty:</b></dt><dd>Lack of basic necessities</dd></dl><dl class="glossary"><dt><b>Acute illnesses:</b></dt><dd>Illnesses that strike suddenly and disappear quickly</dd></dl><dl class="glossary"><dt><b>Age distribution:</b></dt><dd>The distribution of individuals by age</dd></dl><dl class="glossary"><dt><b>Ageism:</b></dt><dd>Prejudice or discrimination based on someone’s age</dd></dl><dl class="glossary"><dt><b>Alcoholism:</b></dt><dd>Alcohol dependence, characterized by the symptoms of craving, loss of control, physical dependence, and tolerance</dd></dl><dl class="glossary"><dt><b>Alienation:</b></dt><dd>Separation from one’s true self; alienation occurs on multiple levels—from one’s work, the product of one’s work, other workers, and one’s human potential</dd></dl><dl class="glossary"><dt><b>Anomie:</b></dt><dd>State of normlessness</dd></dl><dl class="glossary"><dt><b>Applied research:</b></dt><dd>Pursuit of knowledge for program application or policy evaluation</dd></dl><dl class="glossary"><dt><b>Assimilation:</b></dt><dd>A process in which minority group members become part of the dominant group, losing their original group identity</dd></dl><dl class="glossary"><dt><b>Basic research:</b></dt><dd>Exploration of the causes and consequences of a social problem</dd></dl><dl class="glossary"><dt><b>Bisexuality:</b></dt><dd>Sexual orientation toward either sex</dd></dl><dl class="glossary"><dt><b>Boomerangers:</b></dt><dd>Young adults who leave home for college, but return after graduation because of either economic constraints (they may be unemployed or underemployed) or personal choice</dd></dl><dl class="glossary"><dt><b>Bourgeoisie:</b></dt><dd>Capitalist ruling class; owners of businesses</dd></dl><dl class="glossary"><dt><b>Brownfields:</b></dt><dd>Abandoned or underused industrial or commercial properties where hazardous substances, pollutants, or contaminants are present or potentially present</dd></dl><dl class="glossary"><dt><b>Class consciousness:</b></dt><dd>Awareness of one’s social position</dd></dl><dl class="glossary"><dt><b>Climate change:</b></dt><dd>The perceptible climate trends over time; also referred to as global warming</dd></dl><dl class="glossary"><dt><b>Cognitive liberation:</b></dt><dd>The recognition of one’s situation as unjust</dd></dl><dl class="glossary"><dt><b>Cohabiting:</b></dt><dd>Sexual partners, not married to each other, but residing in the same household</dd></dl><dl class="glossary"><dt><b>Conflict perspective:</b></dt><dd>A theoretical perspective that considers how society is held together by power and coercion for the benefit of those in power (based on social class, gender, race, or ethnicity)</dd></dl><dl class="glossary"><dt><b>Critical political-economy perspective:</b></dt><dd>An approach using a conflict perspective to focus on city formation based on racial, gender, or class inequalities (also referred to as socio-spatial perspective)</dd></dl><dl class="glossary"><dt><b>Crowding:</b></dt><dd>Defined as more than one person per room in the household</dd></dl><dl class="glossary"><dt><b>Cultural capital:</b></dt><dd>Cultural skills and knowledge passed on to youth by their parents and through their social and economic position</dd></dl><dl class="glossary"><dt><b>Culture of poverty:</b></dt><dd>A set of norms, values, and beliefs that encourage and perpetuate poverty</dd></dl><dl class="glossary"><dt><b>Cybercrime:</b></dt><dd>A form of white-collar crime that involves Internet fraud and abuse</dd></dl><dl class="glossary"><dt><b>Decriminalization:</b></dt><dd>Reduction of the kinds of behavior included under the law</dd></dl><dl class="glossary"><dt><b>De facto segregation:</b></dt><dd>A subtle process of segregation that is the result of other processes, such as housing segregation, rather than because of an official policy</dd></dl><dl class="glossary"><dt><b>Deindustrialization:</b></dt><dd>Systematic disinvestment in manufacturing and production capacities</dd></dl><dl class="glossary"><dt><b>Demography:</b></dt><dd>The study of the size, composition, and distribution of human populations</dd></dl><dl class="glossary"><dt><b>Dependent variable:</b></dt><dd>The variable to be explained</dd></dl><dl class="glossary"><dt><b>Devaluation of women’s work:</b></dt><dd>When the higher societal value placed on men than on women is reproduced within the workplace</dd></dl><dl class="glossary"><dt><b>Differential association:</b></dt><dd>The learning of behaviors and norms from the groups we have contact with</dd></dl><dl class="glossary"><dt><b>Digital divide:</b></dt><dd>The gap separating individuals who have access to and understanding of new forms of technology from those who do not</dd></dl><dl class="glossary"><dt><b>Digital literacy:</b></dt><dd>An individual’s ability to appropriately use digital tools and skills to identify, manage, evaluate, analyze, and synthesize digital sources; to construct new knowledge; and to communicate with others</dd></dl><dl class="glossary"><dt><b>Disengagement theory:</b></dt><dd>Theoretical perspective that defines aging as a natural process of withdrawal from active participation in social life</dd></dl><dl class="glossary"><dt><a id="pageG-2"/><b>Distributive power:</b></dt><dd>Power over other individuals or groups</dd></dl><dl class="glossary"><dt><b>Domestic migration:</b></dt><dd>The movement of people within a country</dd></dl><dl class="glossary"><dt><b>Domestic terrorism:</b></dt><dd>Terrorism supported or coordinated by groups or individuals based in a country</dd></dl><dl class="glossary"><dt><b>Double standard of aging:</b></dt><dd>Separate standards of aging for men and women; men are judged in our culture according to what they can do (their competence, power, and control), but women are judged according to their appearance and beauty</dd></dl><dl class="glossary"><dt><b>Drug abuse:</b></dt><dd>The use of any drug or medication for unintended purposes, which can lead to clinically significant impairment or distress</dd></dl><dl class="glossary"><dt><b>Drug addiction:</b></dt><dd>Physical or psychological dependence on a drug or medication</dd></dl><dl class="glossary"><dt><b>Dysfunctions:</b></dt><dd>Negative consequences of social structures</dd></dl><dl class="glossary"><dt><b>Ecocide:</b></dt><dd>Mass destruction of ecosystems</dd></dl><dl class="glossary"><dt><b>Emigration:</b></dt><dd>Movement of people out of a geographic area</dd></dl><dl class="glossary"><dt><b>Environmental justice:</b></dt><dd>Social justice movement based on the principle that all individuals and communities are entitled to equal protection of environmental and public health laws and regulations</dd></dl><dl class="glossary"><dt><b>Environmental racism:</b></dt><dd>Environmental policy or practice that disadvantages people based on race or color</dd></dl><dl class="glossary"><dt><b>Environmental sociology:</b></dt><dd>Study of the interactions between our physical and natural environment and our social organization and social behavior</dd></dl><dl class="glossary"><dt><b>Epidemiology:</b></dt><dd>Study of patterns in the distribution and frequency of sickness, injury, and death and the social factors that shape them</dd></dl><dl class="glossary"><dt><b>Episodic high-risk drinking:</b></dt><dd>Infrequently drinking a large quantity of alcohol in a short period</dd></dl><dl class="glossary"><dt><b>Ethnic attrition:</b></dt><dd>Individuals choosing not to self-identify as a member of a particular ethnic group</dd></dl><dl class="glossary"><dt><b>Ethnic composition:</b></dt><dd>The composition of groups within a population</dd></dl><dl class="glossary"><dt><b>Ethnic groups:</b></dt><dd>Groups of people who are set off to some degree from other groups by displaying a unique set of cultural traits, such as their language, religion, or diet</dd></dl><dl class="glossary"><dt><b>Ethnocentrism:</b></dt><dd>The belief that one’s own group values and behaviors are right</dd></dl><dl class="glossary"><dt><b>Exclusion:</b></dt><dd>The practice of prohibiting or restricting the entry or participation of groups in society</dd></dl><dl class="glossary"><dt><b>Expressive movements:</b></dt><dd>An attempt to change individuals and individual behavior</dd></dl><dl class="glossary"><dt><b>Expulsion:</b></dt><dd>The removal of a group by direct force or intimidation</dd></dl><dl class="glossary"><dt><b>Extended families:</b></dt><dd>Two or more adult generations, related by blood, who live together in a single household</dd></dl><dl class="glossary"><dt><b>Family:</b></dt><dd>Social unit based on kinship relations, a construct of meaning and relationships both emotional and economic</dd></dl><dl class="glossary"><dt><b>Fecundity:</b></dt><dd>The maximum number of children that could be born, based on the number of women of childbearing age in a population</dd></dl><dl class="glossary"><dt><b>Felonies:</b></dt><dd>Crimes that are serious offenses, punishable by more than one year’s imprisonment or death</dd></dl><dl class="glossary"><dt><b>Femicide:</b></dt><dd>The killing of women; the term is used in contrast to the literal meaning of <i>homicide</i> as the killing of men</dd></dl><dl class="glossary"><dt><b>Feminist perspective:</b></dt><dd>A theoretical perspective that defines gender (and sometimes race or social class) as a source of social inequality, group conflict, and social problems</dd></dl><dl class="glossary"><dt><b>Fertility:</b></dt><dd>The level of childbearing for an individual or a population</dd></dl><dl class="glossary"><dt><b>Food insecure:</b></dt><dd>Lacking in access to sufficient food for all family members</dd></dl><dl class="glossary"><dt><b>Foreign born:</b></dt><dd>Anyone who is not a U.S. citizen at birth</dd></dl><dl class="glossary"><dt><b>Functionalist perspective:</b></dt><dd>A theoretical perspective that examines the functions or consequences of the structure of society; functionalists use a macro perspective, focusing on how society creates and maintains social order</dd></dl><dl class="glossary"><dt><b>Gender:</b></dt><dd>Social construction of masculine and feminine attitudes and behaviors</dd></dl><dl class="glossary"><dt><b>Gender mainstreaming:</b></dt><dd>The integration of the gender perspective into every stage of the policy process (design, implementation, monitoring, and evaluation)</dd></dl><dl class="glossary"><dt><b>Gendered division of labor:</b></dt><dd>Assignment of different tasks to men and women</dd></dl><dl class="glossary"><dt><b>Genocide:</b></dt><dd>The systematic targeting of members of an ethnic or a religious group</dd></dl><dl class="glossary"><dt><b>Gentrification:</b></dt><dd>The process of neighborhood change from lower- to higher-income residents</dd></dl><dl class="glossary"><dt><b>Gerontology:</b></dt><dd>The study of aging and the elderly</dd></dl><dl class="glossary"><dt><b>Global warming:</b></dt><dd>The ongoing rise in the global average temperature</dd></dl><dl class="glossary"><dt><b>Globalization:</b></dt><dd>A process of increasing transborder connectedness; the basis may be economic, political, environmental, or social</dd></dl><dl class="glossary"><dt><a id="pageG-3"/><b>Heteronormativity:</b></dt><dd>The promotion of heterosexual, married, monogamous, White, and upper-middle-class norms</dd></dl><dl class="glossary"><dt><b>Heterosexism:</b></dt><dd>The privileging of heterosexuality over homosexuality</dd></dl><dl class="glossary"><dt><b>Heterosexuality:</b></dt><dd>Sexual orientation toward the opposite sex</dd></dl><dl class="glossary"><dt><b>Homophobia:</b></dt><dd>An irrational fear or intolerance of homosexuals</dd></dl><dl class="glossary"><dt><b>Homosexuality:</b></dt><dd>Sexual orientation toward the same sex</dd></dl><dl class="glossary"><dt><b>Horizontal segregation:</b></dt><dd>The separation of men and women into different industries and occupations</dd></dl><dl class="glossary"><dt><b>Household:</b></dt><dd>An economic and residential unit</dd></dl><dl class="glossary"><dt><b>Human agency:</b></dt><dd>The active role of individuals in creating their social environment</dd></dl><dl class="glossary"><dt><b>Human capital:</b></dt><dd>Job-related skills acquired through education and work experience</dd></dl><dl class="glossary"><dt><b>Human capital theory:</b></dt><dd>Theory that attributes gender income differences to differences in the kind and amount of human capital men and women acquire</dd></dl><dl class="glossary"><dt><b>Human ecology:</b></dt><dd>The study of the relationship between individuals and their physical environment</dd></dl><dl class="glossary"><dt><b>Humanitarian intervention:</b></dt><dd>A responsibility to protect, including three aspects: how to prevent humanitarian crises in the first place, under which conditions and in what way to intervene, and how to maintain peace after a military conflict and rebuild the country</dd></dl><dl class="glossary"><dt><b>Hypothesis:</b></dt><dd>Statement of a relationship between variables</dd></dl><dl class="glossary"><dt><b>Immigration:</b></dt><dd>The movement of people leaving their country of origin to move to another</dd></dl><dl class="glossary"><dt><b>Impression management:</b></dt><dd>Creating a favorable impression of oneself to others</dd></dl><dl class="glossary"><dt><b>Incidence rate:</b></dt><dd>The number of new cases of disease within a population during a specific period</dd></dl><dl class="glossary"><dt><b>Income:</b></dt><dd>Money earned for one’s work</dd></dl><dl class="glossary"><dt><b>Independent variable:</b></dt><dd>The variable expected to account for the cause of the dependent variable</dd></dl><dl class="glossary"><dt><b>Index crimes:</b></dt><dd>Crimes including murder, rape, robbery, assault, burglary, motor vehicle theft, arson, and larceny</dd></dl><dl class="glossary"><dt><b>Individual discrimination:</b></dt><dd>Prejudiced actions against minority members by individuals; may include avoiding contact or physical or verbal attacks</dd></dl><dl class="glossary"><dt><b>Industrial Revolution:</b></dt><dd>Economic shift from family to market production</dd></dl><dl class="glossary"><dt><b>Infant mortality:</b></dt><dd>Rate of infant deaths per 1,000 live births</dd></dl><dl class="glossary"><dt><b>Institutional discrimination:</b></dt><dd>Discrimination practiced by political or social institutions</dd></dl><dl class="glossary"><dt><b>Institutionalized heterosexuality:</b></dt><dd>The set of ideas, institutions, and relationships that define the heterosexual family as the societal norm</dd></dl><dl class="glossary"><dt><b>Instrumental movements:</b></dt><dd>An attempt to change the structure of society</dd></dl><dl class="glossary"><dt><b>Interactionist perspective:</b></dt><dd>A micro-level perspective that highlights what we take for granted: the expectations, rules, and norms that we learn and practice without even noticing; interactionists maintain that through our interaction, social problems are created and defined</dd></dl><dl class="glossary"><dt><b>Interior residential density:</b></dt><dd>The number of individuals per room in a dwelling</dd></dl><dl class="glossary"><dt><b>International terrorism:</b></dt><dd>Terrorism supported or coordinated by foreign groups threatening the security of U.S. nationals or the national security of the United States</dd></dl><dl class="glossary"><dt><b>Juvenile crime:</b></dt><dd>Criminal acts performed by juveniles</dd></dl><dl class="glossary"><dt><b>Juvenile delinquent:</b></dt><dd>A youth who engages in criminal behavior</dd></dl><dl class="glossary"><dt><b>Juvenile status offender:</b></dt><dd>A juvenile who has violated a law applying only to minors</dd></dl><dl class="glossary"><dt><b>Labeling theory:</b></dt><dd>Theory stating that individuals and acts are defined or labeled as criminal</dd></dl><dl class="glossary"><dt><b>Labor migration:</b></dt><dd>The movement of people from one country to another for employment</dd></dl><dl class="glossary"><dt><b>Latent functions:</b></dt><dd>Unintended and often hidden consequences</dd></dl><dl class="glossary"><dt><b>Legalization:</b></dt><dd>Removal from control of the law</dd></dl><dl class="glossary"><dt><b>LGBT:</b></dt><dd>Term used to refer to lesbians, gays, bisexuals, and transgender individuals as a group</dd></dl><dl class="glossary"><dt><b>Life chances:</b></dt><dd>Access provided by social position to goods and services</dd></dl><dl class="glossary"><dt><b>Life course perspective:</b></dt><dd>A theoretical perspective that considers the entire course of human life (from childhood, adolescence, and adulthood to old age) as social constructions that reflect the broader structural conditions of society</dd></dl><dl class="glossary"><dt><b>Macro level of analysis:</b></dt><dd>Societal level of analysis</dd></dl><dl class="glossary"><dt><b>Manifest functions:</b></dt><dd>Intended and recognized consequences</dd></dl><dl class="glossary"><dt><b>Master status:</b></dt><dd>An identity that determines how others view individuals and how individuals view themselves</dd></dl><dl class="glossary"><dt><a id="pageG-4"/><b>Mechanical solidarity:</b></dt><dd>Union of individuals through a set of common values, beliefs, and customs and a simple division of labor</dd></dl><dl class="glossary"><dt><b>Media:</b></dt><dd>Technological processes that facilitate communication</dd></dl><dl class="glossary"><dt><b>Media literacy:</b></dt><dd>The ability to assess and analyze media messages</dd></dl><dl class="glossary"><dt><b>Medicalization:</b></dt><dd>Process through which a condition or behavior becomes defined as a medical problem</dd></dl><dl class="glossary"><dt><b>Megadisaster:</b></dt><dd>A catastrophe that threatens or overwhelms an area’s capacity to get people to safety, treat casualties, protect infrastructure, and control panic</dd></dl><dl class="glossary"><dt><b>Micro level of analysis:</b></dt><dd>Individual level of analysis</dd></dl><dl class="glossary"><dt><b>Migration:</b></dt><dd>The movement of individuals from one area to another</dd></dl><dl class="glossary"><dt><b>Military-industrial complex:</b></dt><dd>Collaboration of the government, the military, and the armament industry</dd></dl><dl class="glossary"><dt><b>Misdemeanors:</b></dt><dd>Crimes that are minor offenses, punishable by a fine or less than one year’s imprisonment</dd></dl><dl class="glossary"><dt><b>Modernization theory of aging:</b></dt><dd>Theoretical perspective that links the role and status of the elderly with their labor contribution or their relationship to the means of production</dd></dl><dl class="glossary"><dt><b>Morbidity:</b></dt><dd>Study of illnesses and disease</dd></dl><dl class="glossary"><dt><b>Mortality:</b></dt><dd>Incidence of death in a population</dd></dl><dl class="glossary"><dt><b>Multicultural literature:</b></dt><dd>Literature that focuses on people of color, religious minorities, regional cultures, the disabled, or the aged</dd></dl><dl class="glossary"><dt><b>Multiracial:</b></dt><dd>Mixed or multiple race</dd></dl><dl class="glossary"><dt><b>Native:</b></dt><dd>Anyone born in the United States or a U.S. island area or born abroad of a U.S. citizen parent</dd></dl><dl class="glossary"><dt><b>Natural capitalism:</b></dt><dd>The awareness of the economic value of nature</dd></dl><dl class="glossary"><dt><b>Neglect:</b></dt><dd>Failure to provide for a child’s basic needs</dd></dl><dl class="glossary"><dt><b>New social movements theory:</b></dt><dd>Theory emphasizing the distinctive features of recent social movements</dd></dl><dl class="glossary"><dt><b>Nuclear family:</b></dt><dd>Family consisting of parents and their children</dd></dl><dl class="glossary"><dt><b>Objective reality:</b></dt><dd>Actual existence of a particular condition</dd></dl><dl class="glossary"><dt><b>Occupational sex segregation:</b></dt><dd>The degree to which men and women are concentrated in occupations that predominantly employ workers of one sex</dd></dl><dl class="glossary"><dt><b>Organic solidarity:</b></dt><dd>Union of individuals through a complex division of labor</dd></dl><dl class="glossary"><dt><b>Organizational child:</b></dt><dd>A child prepared by education for a bureaucratic adult world</dd></dl><dl class="glossary"><dt><b>Outcome goals:</b></dt><dd>Related to terrorism, the group’s stated political ends, which require cooperation of the target authority or government</dd></dl><dl class="glossary"><dt><b>Overurbanization:</b></dt><dd>The process in which an excess population is concentrated in an urban area that lacks the capacity to provide basic services and shelter</dd></dl><dl class="glossary"><dt><b>Particulate or particle pollution:</b></dt><dd>Air pollution caused by the combustion of fossil fuels—the burning of coal, diesel, gasoline, and wood; particulate matter includes road dust, diesel soot, ash, wood smoke, and sulfate aerosols that are suspended in the air</dd></dl><dl class="glossary"><dt><b>Patriarchy:</b></dt><dd>Society in which the powerful (often men) dominate the powerless (often women)</dd></dl><dl class="glossary"><dt><b>Physical abuse:</b></dt><dd>Nonaccidental physical injury, from bruising to death</dd></dl><dl class="glossary"><dt><b>Pluralism:</b></dt><dd>Each ethnic or racial group maintains its own culture (cultural pluralism or multiculturalism) or a separate set of social structures and institutions (structural pluralism)</dd></dl><dl class="glossary"><dt><b>Political process model:</b></dt><dd>Model of relationship between social movements and structures of political opportunities</dd></dl><dl class="glossary"><dt><b>Politicide:</b></dt><dd>The systematic targeting of specific groups because of their political beliefs</dd></dl><dl class="glossary"><dt><b>Politics of fear:</b></dt><dd>How decision makers and politicians promote and use the public’s beliefs and assumptions about terrorism to achieve certain goals</dd></dl><dl class="glossary"><dt><b>Population aging:</b></dt><dd>The increase in the number or proportion of older individuals in the population</dd></dl><dl class="glossary"><dt><b>Poverty guidelines:</b></dt><dd>Used to determine family or individual eligibility for relevant federal programs</dd></dl><dl class="glossary"><dt><b>Poverty threshold:</b></dt><dd>The original federal poverty measure, based on the economy food plan</dd></dl><dl class="glossary"><dt><b>Power:</b></dt><dd>The ability to achieve one’s goals despite resistance from others</dd></dl><dl class="glossary"><dt><b>Power elite:</b></dt><dd>A select group possessing true power</dd></dl><dl class="glossary"><dt><b>Prejudice:</b></dt><dd>A negative attitude based on the attributes of an individual</dd></dl><dl class="glossary"><dt><b>Prestige:</b></dt><dd>Social respect or standing</dd></dl><dl class="glossary"><dt><b>Prevalence rate:</b></dt><dd>Total number of cases involving a specific health problem during a specific period</dd></dl><dl class="glossary"><dt><b>Process goals:</b></dt><dd>Related to terrorism, goals aimed to sustain the group and its activities by securing financial support, gaining media attention, and boosting group morale</dd></dl><dl class="glossary"><dt><b>Proletariat:</b></dt><dd>The working class in a capitalist economy</dd></dl><dl class="glossary"><dt><a id="pageG-5"/><b>Property crime:</b></dt><dd>Criminal acts that involve the taking of money or property from another without force or the threat of force against the victims; burglary, larceny, theft, motor vehicle theft, and arson are examples of property crimes</dd></dl><dl class="glossary"><dt><b>Public sociology:</b></dt><dd>Sociology that promotes a dialogue outside the academy with a variety of public audiences</dd></dl><dl class="glossary"><dt><b>Qualitative methods:</b></dt><dd>Research methods designed to capture social life as participants experience it</dd></dl><dl class="glossary"><dt><b>Quantitative methods:</b></dt><dd>Research methods that rely on the collection of statistical data and require the specification of variables and scales collected through surveys, interviews, or questionnaires</dd></dl><dl class="glossary"><dt><b>Race:</b></dt><dd>Group or population sharing a set of genetic characteristics and physical features</dd></dl><dl class="glossary"><dt><b>Racial profiling:</b></dt><dd>The use of race or ethnicity by law enforcement consciously or unconsciously as a basis of judgment for criminal suspicion</dd></dl><dl class="glossary"><dt><b>Racism:</b></dt><dd>The belief in the inferiority of certain racial or ethnic groups, often accompanied by discrimination</dd></dl><dl class="glossary"><dt><b>Reform movements:</b></dt><dd>An attempt to bring about limited social change by working within the existing system</dd></dl><dl class="glossary"><dt><b>Refugees:</b></dt><dd>Persons who are unable or unwilling to return to their country of origin due to persecution or fear of persecution on account of race, religion, nationality, membership in a particular social group, or political opinion</dd></dl><dl class="glossary"><dt><b>Relative deprivation:</b></dt><dd>A perceived gap between what people expect and what they actually get</dd></dl><dl class="glossary"><dt><b>Relative poverty:</b></dt><dd>Failure to achieve society’s average income or lifestyle</dd></dl><dl class="glossary"><dt><b>Residential segregation:</b></dt><dd>The neighborhood clustering or separation of groups by racial, ethnic, or economic characteristics within a geographic area</dd></dl><dl class="glossary"><dt><b>Resource mobilization theory:</b></dt><dd>Theory about conditions for success of social movements</dd></dl><dl class="glossary"><dt><b>Revolution:</b></dt><dd>An overthrow of the existing government or political structure</dd></dl><dl class="glossary"><dt><b>Revolutionary social movements:</b></dt><dd>Attempts to create fundamental change in the system itself</dd></dl><dl class="glossary"><dt><b>Role strain:</b></dt><dd>Strain experienced when the demands of one’s role exceed one’s ability and resources to fulfill that role</dd></dl><dl class="glossary"><dt><b>Scientific management:</b></dt><dd>Analysis and implementation of the best way to complete a task</dd></dl><dl class="glossary"><dt><b>Second generation:</b></dt><dd>Those born in the United States to one or more foreign-born parents</dd></dl><dl class="glossary"><dt><b>Segregation:</b></dt><dd>Physical and social separation of ethnic or racial groups</dd></dl><dl class="glossary"><dt><b>Service revolution:</b></dt><dd>Economic shift toward service and information occupations</dd></dl><dl class="glossary"><dt><b>Sex:</b></dt><dd>Physiological distinctions between male and female</dd></dl><dl class="glossary"><dt><b>Sexism:</b></dt><dd>Prejudice or discrimination based solely on someone’s sex</dd></dl><dl class="glossary"><dt><b>Sexual orientation:</b></dt><dd>The classification of individuals according to their preference for emotional-sexual relationships and lifestyle</dd></dl><dl class="glossary"><dt><b>Sick role:</b></dt><dd>Set of behaviors regarding actions and treatment of ill persons</dd></dl><dl class="glossary"><dt><b>Smog or ground-level ozone:</b></dt><dd>Air pollution formed when nitrogen oxides emitted from electric power plants and automobiles react with organic compounds in the presence of sunlight and heat</dd></dl><dl class="glossary"><dt><b>Social capital:</b></dt><dd>Investments in social relationships and networks distributed unequally by social class</dd></dl><dl class="glossary"><dt><b>Social construction of reality:</b></dt><dd>The world regarded as a social creation</dd></dl><dl class="glossary"><dt><b>Social constructionism:</b></dt><dd>Subjective definition or perception of conditions</dd></dl><dl class="glossary"><dt><b>Social inequality:</b></dt><dd>Unequal distribution of resources, services, and positions</dd></dl><dl class="glossary"><dt><b>Social innovation:</b></dt><dd>Policy, program, or advocacy that features an untested or a unique approach</dd></dl><dl class="glossary"><dt><b>Social institutions:</b></dt><dd>A stable set of statuses, roles, groups, and organizations that provides a foundation for addressing fundamental societal needs; an example of a social institution is the family</dd></dl><dl class="glossary"><dt><b>Social media:</b></dt><dd>Media that are based on conversation and interaction with individuals online</dd></dl><dl class="glossary"><dt><b>Social movements:</b></dt><dd>Conscious, collective, organized attempts to bring about or resist large-scale change in the social order</dd></dl><dl class="glossary"><dt><b>Social policy:</b></dt><dd>Enactment of a course of action through a formal law or program</dd></dl><dl class="glossary"><dt><b>Social problem:</b></dt><dd>A social condition that has negative consequences for individuals, our social world, or our physical world</dd></dl><dl class="glossary"><dt><b>Social stratification:</b></dt><dd>The ranking of individuals into social strata or groups</dd></dl><dl class="glossary"><dt><b>Sociological imagination:</b></dt><dd>The ability to link our personal lives and experiences with our social world</dd></dl><dl class="glossary"><dt><a id="pageG-6"/><b>Sociology:</b></dt><dd>The systematic study of individuals and social structures</dd></dl><dl class="glossary"><dt><b>Socio-spatial perspective:</b></dt><dd>An approach using a conflict perspective to focus on city formation based on race, gender, or class inequalities (also referred to as the critical political-economy perspective)</dd></dl><dl class="glossary"><dt><b>Soft-power approach:</b></dt><dd>Where a nation-state is perceived as having values, motives, and actions that should be emulated</dd></dl><dl class="glossary"><dt><b>Species being:</b></dt><dd>A human being’s true self</dd></dl><dl class="glossary"><dt><b>Stereotype threat:</b></dt><dd>The risk of confirming in oneself a characteristic that is a negative stereotype</dd></dl><dl class="glossary"><dt><b>Stigma:</b></dt><dd>A discrediting attribute</dd></dl><dl class="glossary"><dt><b>Strain theory:</b></dt><dd>Robert K. Merton’s theory that predicts that criminal behavior is likely to occur when individuals are unable to achieve social and material goals because of insufficient access or resources</dd></dl><dl class="glossary"><dt><b>Subjective reality:</b></dt><dd>Attachment of meanings to our reality</dd></dl><dl class="glossary"><dt><b>Suburbanization:</b></dt><dd>The process by which a population shifts to suburban areas</dd></dl><dl class="glossary"><dt><b>Sweatshop:</b></dt><dd>A workplace that violates more than one federal or state labor law; the term has come to include exploitation of workers, for example, in workplaces with no livable wages or benefits, poor and hazardous working conditions, and possible verbal or physical abuse</dd></dl><dl class="glossary"><dt><b>Symbolic interactionism:</b></dt><dd>Theoretical perspective that examines how we use language, words, and symbols to create and maintain our social reality</dd></dl><dl class="glossary"><dt><b>Terrorism:</b></dt><dd>The unlawful use of force to intimidate or coerce compliance with a particular set of beliefs; can be either domestic (based in the United States) or foreign (supported by foreign groups threatening the security of U.S. nationals or U.S. national security)</dd></dl><dl class="glossary"><dt><b>Theory:</b></dt><dd>A set of assumptions and propositions used for explanation, prediction, and understanding</dd></dl><dl class="glossary"><dt><b>Tracking:</b></dt><dd>Designation of academic courses for students based on presumed aptitude</dd></dl><dl class="glossary"><dt><b>Transgender:</b></dt><dd>Individuals whose gender identity is different from that assigned to them at birth</dd></dl><dl class="glossary"><dt><b>Transnational:</b></dt><dd>Immigrants who maintain social, economic, and cultural ties across international borders</dd></dl><dl class="glossary"><dt><b>Underemployment:</b></dt><dd>Employment under less-than-optimal conditions regarding pay, skill, or working hours</dd></dl><dl class="glossary"><dt><b>Urban population:</b></dt><dd>An area with 2,500 or more individuals</dd></dl><dl class="glossary"><dt><b>Urban sociology:</b></dt><dd>Examination of social, political, and economic structures and their impact within an urban setting</dd></dl><dl class="glossary"><dt><b>Urban sprawl:</b></dt><dd>The process in which the spread of development across the landscape outpaces population growth</dd></dl><dl class="glossary"><dt><b>Urbanization:</b></dt><dd>The process by which a population shifts from rural to urban</dd></dl><dl class="glossary"><dt><b>Urbanized area:</b></dt><dd>A densely populated area with 50,000 or more residents</dd></dl><dl class="glossary"><dt><b>Variables:</b></dt><dd>A property of people or objects that can take on two or more values</dd></dl><dl class="glossary"><dt><b>Vertical segregation:</b></dt><dd>The separation of men and women in workplace hierarchies; lower-ranking positions are dominated by women, while management ranks are dominated by men</dd></dl><dl class="glossary"><dt><b>Violent crime:</b></dt><dd>Criminal acts that involve force or the threat of force against others and include aggravated assault, murder, rape, and robbery</dd></dl><dl class="glossary"><dt><b>Wealth:</b></dt><dd>The value of one’s personal assets</dd></dl><dl class="glossary"><dt><b>White-collar crime:</b></dt><dd>Crimes committed by someone of high social status, for financial gain, or in a particular organization</dd></dl></div></body></html>