Libro cuarto: LA TRAVESÍA

[311] W. E. Minchinton, «The Virginia Letters of Isaac Hobhouse», Virginia Magazine of History and Biography 66, 1958, p. 279. <<

[312] D, III, p. 195. <<

[313] Hancock [14, 23], 1995, pp. 432-435; I. A. Wright [12, 3], p. 50. <<

[314] Acerca de Isaac Norris, véase Darold Wax, «Quaker Merchants and the Slave Trade», Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography, LXXXVII, 1962, y, del mismo autor, «Negro Imports into Pennsylvania», Pennsylvania History, XXII, 1965. <<

[315] Acerca de los Galton, véase B. M. D. Smith, The Galtons of Birmingham, Business History, p. 128 <<

[316] Citado en C. L. R. Boxer, The Portuguese Seaborne Empire, Londres, 1963, p. 271. <<

[317] Minchinton [15, 1], p. 278. <<

[318] Jean Mettas, Répertoire des expédition négrières françaises au xviie siècle, vol. 1, Nantes, 1978; vol. 2, Ports autres que Nantes, 1984. <<

[319] Citado en Palmer [13, 4], p. 21. <<

[320] Pierre Boule, «L’origine du racisme en Europe», en Daget [12, 16], I, p. 535. <<

[321] Darold Wax, «A Philadelphia Surgeon on the Coast of Africa», Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography, XC, I, 1968. <<

[322] Maurice Bégouen-Démeaux, Une famille de marchands de Le Havre, 2 vols., El Havre, 1951-1971, I, p. 20. <<

[323] Hamer [14, 3], VI. <<

[324] D, II, p. 82. <<

[325] Collas [13, 25], p. 177. <<

[326] Crow [8, 20], pp. 176-177. <<

[327] D, IV, p. 496. <<

[328] Thomas Phillips, A Journal of a Voyage Made in the Hannibal, 1694, Londres, 1746, p. 233. <<

[329] John Newton, «Thoughts on the Africa Slave Trade», Letters and Sermons, 3 vols., Edimburgo, 1780, p. 103. <<

[330] J.-M. Deveaux, France au temps des négriers, París, 1994. <<

[331] Barbot [9, 4], p. xcvii. <<

[332] R & P, 1790, vol. 82, p. 27. <<

[333] R & P, 1790, vol. 73, p. 163. <<

[334] R & P, 1790, vol. 82, p. 29. <<

[335] Édouard Corbière, Le Négrier, París, 1832. <<

[336] D, III, p. 229. <<

[337] D, II, p. 327. <<

[338] D, III, pp. 269-270. <<

[339] D, II, p. 274. <<

[340] Acerca de Malemba, véase Rinchon [8, 3], p. 32. <<

[341] Acerca de la bahía de Loango, véase Rinchon [8, 3], pp. 71, 74 <<

[342] Barbot [9, 4], II, p. 493. <<

[343] Capitán William Snelgrave, A New Account of Some Parts of Guinea, Londres, 1734, p. 88. <<

[344] Bosman [4, 16], p. 174. <<

[345] Lord Edward Fitmaurice, Life of William, Earl of Shelburne, 3 vols., Londres, 1873, I, pp. 400, 404. <<

[346] Fernandes [3, 19], p. 17. <<

[347] Francis Moore, Travels unto the Inland Parts of Africa, Londres, 1738, p. 87. <<

[348] Barbot [9, 4], I, p. 172. <<

[349] Según palabras de Eric Williams, Capitalism and Slavery, Londres, 1942, p. 81. <<

[350] Citado en Verger [13, 28], p. 50. <<

[351] D, II, p. 541. <<

[352] Fernandes [3, 19], p. 7. <<

[353] N. Bennet y G. Brooks, New England Merchants in Africa, Boston, 1965, p. 15. <<

[354] R & P, 1790, vol. 72, p. 39. <<

[355] Informe de sir George Collier, en Parliamentary Papers 1821, vol. XXIII. <<

[356] Citado en John Thornton, Africa and the Africans in the Making of the Atlantic World, Nueva York, 1992, p. 66. <<

[357] Olfert Dapper, Nouvelle description des pays africains, Amsterdam, 1670, p. 471. <<

[358] C. L. R. Boxer, Race Relations in the Portuguese Colonial Empire, Oxford, 1963, p. 11. <<

[359] Barbot [9, 4]. <<

[360] Barbot [9, 4], II, p. 404. <<

[361] D, II, p. 520. <<

[362] Davies [9, 16], pp. 178-179. <<

[363] Véase Saugera [14,14]. <<

[364] Albert Van Dantzig, Les Hollandais sur la côte de Guinée, París, 1980. <<

[365] I. A. Akinjogbin, Dahomey and Its Neighbours, Cambridge, 1966, p. 134. <<

[366] Pieter de Marees, Description and historical account of the Gold Kingdom of Guinea, 1602, traducido al inglés y editado por Albert Van Dantzig y Adam Jones, Oxford, 1987, p. 224. <<

[367] Antoine-François Prévost, Histoire générale des voyages, París, 1746 en adelante. Para un interesante estudio sobre Prévost, véase Shirley Jones, «Les esclaves sont des hommes», en R. J. Howells, Voltaire & His World, Studies Presented to W. H. Barber, Oxford, 1985. <<

[368] D, I, p. 399. <<

[369] Antoine-Edmé Pruneau de Pommegorge, Description de la Negritte, Amsterdam, 1789. <<

[370] Citado en Robin Law, The Slave Coast of West Africa, Oxford, 1991, pp. 262-263. <<

[371] La carta de Lambe citada en William Smith, A New Voyage to Guinea, Londres, 1744, pp. 169-181. <<

[372] Citado en Akinjogbin [18, 1], p. 164. <<

[373] Macgregor Laird, citado en Howard Temperley, White Dreams, Black Africa, New Haven, 1991. <<

[374] D, Forde, recop., Efik Traders in Old Calabar, Londres, 1956, p. 81. <<

[375] John Adams, Remarks on the Country Extending…, Londres, 1823, p. 129. <<

[376] R & P, Informe de la Cámara de los Comunes de 1789, testimonio de James y Penny. <<

[377] Resumen de las actas de testimonios presentados ante de la Cámara [de los Comunes], III, 1790, pp. 53-54. <<

[378] Louis-Marie-Joseph conde de Grandpré, Voyage à la côte occidentale d’Afrique, 2 vols., París, 1801, I, p. 223. <<

[379] William Beckford en la Cámara de los Comunes, 1752, citado en John Latimer, Annals of Bristol, Bristol, 1893, p. 128. <<

[380] D, II, p. 255. <<

[381] Barbot [9, 4], I, p. 106. <<

[382] Bosman [4, 16], p. 363. <<

[383] Francis Moore [16, 10], p. 41. <<

[384] R & P, 1790, pp. 73,207. <<

[385] R & P, 1790, pp. 73, 213. <<

[386] Palmer [13, 4], p. 20. <<

[387] D, II, p. 527. <<

[388] Citado en D, II, p. 570. <<

[389] C. B. Wadström, Observations on the Slave Trade, Londres, 1789, p. 1. <<

[390] Alexander Falconbridge, An Account of the Slave Trade, Londres, 1788, p. 16. <<

[391] Vansina [9,10], p. 248. <<

[392] Citado en Postma [9, 15], p. 90. <<

[393] John Atkins, A Voyage to Guinea, Brasil and the West-Indies, Londres, 1735, pp. 71-72. <<

[394] Testimonio de Wadström en una investigación del Consejo Privado. <<

[395] Olaudah Equiano, Equiano’s Travels, 2 vols., Paul Edwards, recop., Nueva York, 1967, I, p. 47. <<

[396] Wadström [19, 10], pp. 16-20. <<

[397] Bosman [4, 16], p. 364. <<

[398] Francis Moore [16,10], p. 20 <<

[399] Phillips [16, 18]. <<

[400] Wadström [18, 10], p. 18. <<

[401] William Towerson, Haklyut’s Principal Navigations 1598-1600, II, 2.a parte, pp. 23-52. <<

[402] Bosman [4, 16], p. 475. <<

[403] Palmer [13, 4], p. 39. <<

[404] Richard Drake, Revelations of a Slave Smuggler, Nueva York, 1860, p. 3. <<

[405] D, IV, p. 148. <<

[406] Mungo Park, The Travels of Mungo Park, Londres, 1907, ed. Everyman, pp. 221, 244. <<

[407] Barbot [9, 4]. <<

[408] Bosman [4, 16], p. 264. <<

[409] Xavier Golbéry, Fragments d’un voyage en Afrique fait pendant les années 1785-1787, París, año X, 1802, en D, II, p. 567. <<

[410] Wadström [19, 10], p. 16. <<

[411] Park [19, 27], p. 149. <<

[412] Park [19, 27], p. 249. <<

[413] Luiz Antonio de Oliveira, Memoria a respeito dos escravos e tráfico da escravatura…, Porto, 1977, p. 48. <<

[414] El historiador era Joseph Miller cuyo Way of Death, Madison, 1988, constituye la mejor introducción a la trata anglobrasileña hacia 1800. <<

[415] Bosman [4, 16], I, p. 441. <<

[416] Phillips [15, 18], p. 216. <<

[417] Ibíd., pp. 218-219. <<

[418] Snelgrave [16, 6], p. 39. <<

[419] Postma [9, 5], p. 87; Phillips [15, 18], p. 219; Barbot [9, 4], I p. 174. <<

[420] Gaston Martin [13, 27], pp. 91-92; Mettas [15, 8], I, pp. 206-207. <<

[421] D, II, p. 567. <<

[422] Phillips [15, 18], p. 220. <<

[423] D, II, p. 365. <<

[424] D, II, p. 186. <<

[425] D, I, p. 399; Drake [19, 25], p. 43. <<

[426] Rinchon [8, 2], p. 162. <<

[427] Phillips [15, 18]. <<

[428] Palmer [13, 4], p. 69. <<

[429] Gaston Martin [12, 18], p. 112. <<

[430] Adam Jones, en Daget [12, 15], I, p. 289. <<

[431] Carta del jesuita Pedro de Espinosa a fray Diego Ruiz, 1622, en Pablo Pastells, S. J., Historia de la Compañía de Jesús en la provincia de Paraguay, Madrid, 1912-1949, I, pp. 300-301. <<

[432] Viaje de Prévost citado en Jones [18, 3], p. 225. <<

[433] Grandpré [18, 15], II, p. 25. <<

[434] Citado en Palmer [13, 4], p. 61. <<

[435] Ibíd., p. 63. <<

[436] Mary Karasch, Slave Life in Río de Janeiro, Princeton, 1987, p. 22. <<

[437] Citado en James Rawley, The Transatlantic Slave Trade, Nueva York, 1981, p. 272. <<

[438] Phillips [15, 18], p. 212. <<

[439] Postma [9, 5], pp. 107-108. <<

[440] «Considerations on the Present Peace», Londres, 1763, en D, II, pp. 515-516. <<

[441] Ryder [6, 29], p. 169. <<

[442] Smith [18, 7]. <<

[443] Comité Hutt, p. 421. <<

[444] Martin [13, 26], p. 104. <<

[445] D, IV, p. 372. <<

[446] Citado en Palmer [13, 18], p. 219. <<

[447] Thomas Clarkson, The History of the rise, progress and accomplishment of the aboliton of the African Slave Trade by the British Parliament, 2 vols., Londres, 1808, I, pp. 307-308. <<

[448] Dantzig, citado en Daget, recop. [12,16], I, p. 591. <<

[449] Phillips [15, 18], p. 219. <<

[450] Bosman [4, 16]. <<

[451] Phillips [15, 18], p. 219. <<

[452] Snelgrave [16, 6], p. 162. <<

[453] D, IV, p. 498. <<

[454] Martin [13, 26], p. 117; John Newton, Letters and Sermons, 3 vols., Edimburgo, 1780,1, p. 75. <<

[455] Equiano [19, 16], I, p. 76. <<

[456] Jacques Savary, Le Parfait Négociant, París, 1755, citado en Gaston Martin [13, 27], p. 111. <<

[457] Phillips [15, 18], p. 230. <<

[458] R & P, 1790, vol. 83, p. 35. <<

[459] Bosman [4,16], p. 364. <<

[460] Dionigio Carli di Piacenza, A Voyage to Congo, etc… in 1666 and 1667 con Angelo Guattini, en las colecciones de viajes de Churchill, Londres, 1732. <<

[461] Informe de la investigación de la Cámara de los Comunes, 1792. <<

[462] Barbot [9, 4]. <<

[463] Testimonio de Wadström ante el Consejo Privado. <<

[464] Ibíd. <<

[465] Equiano [19, 16], p. 78. <<

[466] Lady Knutsford, Life and Letters of Zachary Macaulay, Londres, 1908, pp. 87-89. <<

[467] R & P, 1790, vol. 72, p. 84. <<

[468] Thomas Clarkson, Essay on the Comparative Efficiency of Regulation or Abolition as Applied to the Slave Trade, Londres, 1789, en D, II, p. 573. <<

[469] D, I, p. 272. <<

[470] Véase por ejemplo H. S. Klein, The Middle Passage, Princeton, 1978. <<

[471] Barbot [9, 4], II, p. 779. <<

[472] Phillips [15, 18], p. 229; Comité Hutt, II, p. 7. <<

[473] Postma [9, 5], p. 308. <<

[474] Barbot [9, 4], I, XCVII. <<

[475] London Magazine, XXVIII, p. 162. <<

[476] Mettas [15, 8], p. 123. <<

[477] Comité Hutt, I, p. 472. <<

[478] Phillips [15, 18], p. 221. <<

[479] Ibíd., p. 232. <<

[480] Barbot [9, 4], II, p. 79. <<

[481] Discurso de Wilberforce, en PH, vol. 28, col. 258. <<

[482] D, I, p. 462. <<

[483] Barbot [9, 4], II, p. 791; Phillips [15, 19], p. 233. <<

[484] Mercado [8, 21]. <<

[485] Barbot [9, 4]. <<

[486] Phillips [15, 18]. <<

[487] Bosman [4, 16], p. 365. <<

[488] Esto figura en John Atkins, A Voyage to Guinea…, Londres, 1753, citado en D, II, p. 266. <<

[489] Smith [18, 7], p. 19. <<

[490] D, III, p. 321. <<

[491] D, III, p. 213. <<

[492] Georg Nørregaard, Danish Settlements in West Africa, Boston, 1966, p. 89. <<

[493] Gaston Martin [13, 27], p. 120. <<

[494] Newton [15, 19], p. 104. <<

[495] Park [19, 27], p. 371. <<

[496] Marcel Delafosse, L’Histoire de La Rochelle, París, 1991, p. 169. <<

[497] D, II, p. 494. <<

[498] D, IV, p. 118. <<

[499] Boston News, carta del 9 de mayo de 1723, en D, IV, 186, nota 6. <<

[500] Amadée-François Frézier, Voyage to the South Sea, trad. al inglés, Londres, 1717, p. 301. <<

[501] Citado en Boxer [9, 10], p. 7. <<

[502] Citado en Robert Edgar Conrad, World of Sorrow, Baton Rouge, Luisiana, 1986, p. 49. <<

[503] Nicolás del Castillo Mathieu, Esclavos negros en Cartagena, Bogotá, 1982, p. 95. <<

[504] Sandoval [8, 26], p. 109. <<

[505] Drake [19, 25], p. 44. <<

[506] Jean-Baptiste Labat, Voyage aux îles, París, 1993, p. 228. <<

[507] Gaston Martin [13, 27], p. 130. <<

[508] Loc. cit., p. 125. <<

[509] W. R. Gardner, History of Jamaica, Londres, 1909, p. 165. <<

[510] D, III, p. 273. <<

[511] Equiano [19, 20], p. 63. <<

[512] Barbot [9, 4], p. 550. <<

[513] R & P, 1790, vol. 72, p. 160. <<

[514] D, II, p. 460. <<

[515] Hamer [14, 3], I, p. 255. <<

[516] Ibíd. Bostock se convirtió posteriormente en próspero tratante. <<

[517] Ibíd. <<

[518] Citado en Darold Wax, «Black Immigrants, the Slave Trade», Colonial Maryland 73, núm. 1, marzo de 1978, p. 43. <<

[519] Newton [20, 40], I, p. 81. <<

[520] Roger Anstey, The Atlantic Slave Trade and British Abolition, Londres, 1975, p. 47. <<